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Current Issues.
Volume 1 Issue 1
Research Article Month : 07 (2017)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) Treated with
Orthodontic Appliances in Children: A New Feasible Approach
A.Balian
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) affects up to 4% of
the paediatric population and, due to the high risk of cardio-vascular
and neurological complications and negative outcomes on the
developmental process associated, represents the most serious type of
Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and the most challenging for public
health.Although the most common treatment for OSAS in childhood
is Adenotonsillectomy (AT), this approach is limited by its surgical
risks and by a high prevalence of recurrence or partial success, with
persistence of signs and symptoms of obstructive apnea.The presence
of cranio-facial abnormalities and malocclusion is considered an
important risk factor for paediatric OSAS and its recurrence after AT.
Children affected by OSAS often present specific oro-facial features such
asnarrow maxilla, mandibular retrusion, anterior openbite, bilateral/
monolateral cross bite, that are frequently associated with dysfunctions
such as oral breathing and atypical swallowing. Those alterations can
represent an anatomical base which can contribute to the development
of paediatric OSAS, especially in preschool child aged 3-6 years, when
the hyperplasia of adenoids and tonsils is reported to be at its peak with
a higher risk for obstruction. The purpose of the present research is to
evaluate the possibility that an orthodontic treatment, primary aiming
to the treatment of malocclusion and the related dysfunctions, can
induce improvement or relief of respiratory nighttime distress, as a
secondary effect. The sample consisted of 5 children affected by OSAS,
3 female and 2 male, average aged 4.5 years, who have never undergone
AT or have had a recurrence of sign and symptoms 1 year after AT.All
patients presented narrow maxilla, associated with monolateral/
bilateral crossbite and or anterior openbite. The patients underwent
orthodontic treatment performed with an elastodontic appliance, which
is a removable oral device made of PVC and widely used in children
aged less than 6 years. The following variables were evaluated in each
patient at the beginning (T0) and after 1 year (T2) of orthodontic
treatment:occlusal parameters; Sleep Clinical Score (SCS); Night time
poligraphic parameters: Snoring,
Research Article Month : 07 (2017)
Anxiolytic and Analgesic Effects of Melatonin in Paediatric Dentistry
Alessandro Giannattasio
Aim: Fear and anxiety are the principal obstacles for dental treatment
in children and can turn into dental phobia, leading to patients avoiding
dental treatment. Melatonin, an endogenous indolamines produced
and secreted by the pineal gland, is involved in many physiological
functions such as regulation of circadian rhythm as well as possessing
antioxidant, oncostatic, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant activity;
it may be administered orally or sublingually, without any evidence of
substantial side effects. After oral administration, melatonin undergoes
first-pass effect, reaches the plasma peak after about 60 min and blood
levels decrease in about 4 h.
Study Design: This is a retrospective case-control age and sex
matched study. We collected data about first visit and treatment of 50
patients admitted to the Dental Clinic and to the Private Center of the
investigators.
Methods: According to literature, 25 children received 0.5 mg/
kg Melatonin 60’ before being subjected to first visit and pedodontic
treatment. No preventive treatment was given to 25 children. We
compared the success of treatment and the pain experienced by the
child assessed by FLACC behavioural pain scale.
Results: Both groups included 25 patients (15 male), mean age
7.6 yrs in Group A, 7.1 yrs in Group B. Melatonin treatment was well
tolerated by 100% of children. According to FLACC scale categories,
42% of all children presented relaxed and comfortable or mild
discomfort (FLACC scale 0-3), 42% moderate pain (FLACC scale 4-6),
and 16% severe discomfort or pain or both (FLACC scale 7-10).
Statistics: Operators found greater compliance by children receiving
melatonin with 96 % successful treatment versus 68% (p 0.012). We
found 60% of children receiving melatonin experienced relaxed and
comfortable o mild discomfort versus 40% in Group B (p 0.001).
Conclusions: Although a larger population study is needed, the
anxiolytic and analgesic properties of melatonin seem to offer new
therapeutic opportunity in the pedodontic field.
Review Article Month : 07 (2017)
Effect of 8.25% Sodium Hypochlorite on Shear Bond Strength and the
Ability of Ascorbic Acid to Reverse it
Ram M. Vaderhobli
Aim: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the immediate
shear bond strength on dentin surfaces exposed to 8.25% NaOCl for a
clinically significant amount of time and to see if subsequent treatment
of the dentin with 10% ascorbic acid can reverse any effect.
Methods: 100 samples were divided into 5 experimental groups.
Group 1 was the only negative control. Control group 2 was exposed
to NaOCl, group 3 was exposed to 10% ascorbic acid solution after
exposure to NaOCl. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were restored with Clearfil SE
bond 2 and Clearfil DC Core Plus (Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan). Groups
4 and 5 were restored with Fuji 2 LC and Fuji 9 (GC America, IL)
respectively. The specimens were then subjected to shear bond strength
testing and analyzed using Kruskal-Wallace and Mann-Whiteney U
Results: The mean sheer bond strength (MPa) results and standard
deviations were as follows: Control, 24.54 +/- 4.31, NaOCl, 13.2 +/-
5.89, 1 min ascorbic acid, 24.25 +/-4.93, Fuji 9, 2.6 +/-1.18. Fuji 2,
failed without yielding any data. There was no difference in sheer bond
strength between the control group and the samples that were exposed
to sodium hypochlorite for 1 hour and subsequently exposed to ascorbic
acid 10% for 1 min (P=. 4364)
Conclusion: While sheer bond strength values are reduced for
Clearfil SE Bond 2 when used on dentin that has been exposed to 8.25%
NaOCl for 1h, this effect can be completely
Editorial Month : 07 (2017)
Dental Disorder in Zika Virus Infection
Viroj Wiwanitkit
The Zika virus is an arbovirus that has been well-known for few
years after its big epidemic in America causing many cases of congenital
Zika virus disease. In America, the disease already attacks thousands
of local people before it spread worldwide at present. The disease is
accepted as the global public health issue and it is still required proper
counteracting management against the Zika virus infection. The Zika
virus infection is usually asymptomatic [1] but it can cause neurological
problem and the vertical transmission in pregnant subjects is
confirmed. In general, Zika virus infection can cause acute febrile illness
that makes it difficult to clinical differentiate from common tropical
infections such as dengue [2]. The emergence of microcephaly due to
vertical transmission from pregnant mothers in infants with congenital
Zika virus disease draws attention worldwide to this newly emerging
arbovirus infection [3]. As an arbovirus infection
Editorial Month : 07 (2017)
Autism & Dentistry
Zink AG
Autism is a developmental disorder that was first described by
Leo Kanner in 1943, in a classic article that included case studies of 11
children. Since that time, the diagnostic criteria have evolved based on
continued observations and research, resulting in the current criteria
in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-V
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and the International
Classification of Diseases or ICD-10 (World Health Organization,
1993). At the present time, autistic disorder is defined in terms of
qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and
restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests,
and activities, with impairments in one of these areas prior to the age
of 3 years [1].
Volume 2 Issue 2
Research Article Month : 02 (2018)
Comparing Microbial Colonization and Types of Microorganisms
between Oral-B and G.U.M Toothbrushes-A Pilot Study
Michael W. Roberts
Background: The manual toothbrush is the most commonly used
method of oral hygiene and removing microbial plaque. An important
issue is that toothbrushes become contaminated in daily use by
various microorganisms and have the potential of being colonized by
potential pathogens. There are numerous brands of toothbrushes and
patients frequently ask dentists or dental hygienists what brand they
recommend. This study compared the microbial colonization and types
of microorganisms on two brands of toothbrushes commonly used in Iran.
Methods: This pilot study investigated 20 students (10 boys and 10
girls) using soft and medium types of Oral-B and G.U.M toothbrushes.
Students were randomly divided into four groups and each group (N=5)
used one type of toothbrush for one week. They were instructed to brush
twice daily using the Modified Bass method. Following brushing, the
brush was rinsed with running tap water for 30 seconds and stored
in the open air outside of the bathroom. The used toothbrushes were
collected at the end of each week and each group was randomly provided
with another type of toothbrush. This procedure was repeated for three
additional weeks. The used toothbrushes were transported in sterile
test tubes to the laboratory for culturing. Microorganism colonization
and morphology were evaluated after 24 and 48 hours. The data were
analyzed by SPSS version 18 and the significant level was considered
0.05.
Results: Oral-B and G.U.M toothbrushes were heavily contaminated
by various microorganisms but the difference incolonization between
them was not statically significant (P=0.272). Also, the microbial
colonization was not statically different between soft and medium size
of bristles (P=0.378).
Conclusion:
• The results of the present study indicated that both Oral-B
and G.U.M toothbrushes with soft and medium bristles are
contaminated with bacteria, especially staphylococcus, E. Coli
and streptococci .
• Contaminated toothbrushes may become a reservoir for
potential pathogens.
• Drying the toothbrushes in free air (outside the bathroom),
using no cover for the toothbrushes, using tooth paste did not
prevent the microbial